Employers may be in breach of anti-discrimination legislation if they refuse to hire someone due to a criminal record
by Jacob Reddie
Whilst many employers might feel justified in using a criminal record as a reason not to hire someone or in terminating an employee, the law does not always necessarily agree.
Criminal records of prospective, or current, employees can be a challenge for employers to deal with. However, with careful consideration of the issues at hand, it is possible for employers to manage situations involving employees and job applicants with criminal records.
During the recruiting process
Employers, naturally, wish to protect their business by ensuring that their employees are appropriately experienced, qualified and are of good character. Therefore, criminal record checks have become increasingly common during the recruitment process. For instance, the number of criminal record checks in Victoria have increased by 6,000% since 1993.
However, employers may be in breach of anti-discrimination legislation if they refuse to hire someone because of their criminal record unless the criminal record is relevant to a person’s ability to perform the inherent requirements of the job. This will depend on the nature of the job, what sort of criminal offence was committed and will be determined on a case by case basis.
At the federal level, people who feel they have been discriminated against because of their criminal record can apply to the Australian Human Rights Commission (AHRC).
Under sections 30-32 of the Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986 (Cth), the AHRC has the power to investigate any claims of discrimination due to a person’s criminal record and can make recommendations. However, the AHRC is unable to enforce any of the recommendations that it makes to the employer regarding discrimination.
At the state level, Tasmania and the Northern Territory are the only states that have legislation making it unlawful to discriminate on the grounds of “irrelevant” criminal records. In other states and territories, discriminating against a prospective employee is not specifically prohibited by law.
This means that, effectively, there may not be any consequences for most employers in Australia who discriminate on the basis of a criminal record during the recruitment process because they are either not covered by state-based anti-discrimination legislation or because the AHRC recommendations are not enforceable.
In any case, realistically, there is no legal mechanism to review an employer’s discretion to employ a particular person nor is there a requirement upon the employer to make a reasonable decision based only on relevant considerations.
In other words, the employer has the choice to employ whoever they want. Even if the criminal record was the reason why an employee was considered inappropriate for the role, employers will often state that someone else was more qualified, more experienced, etc.
During employment
Employers faced with an employee charged or convicted with a criminal offence must tread more cautiously than during the recruitment process. Many employers would assume they can dismiss an employee who has plead guilty to a serious criminal offence or been convicted. However, criminal conviction alone is not a valid reason for dismissal, particularly when the criminal offence was committed outside of work, and unwary employers may find themselves before the Fair Work Commission facing an unfair dismissal application.
For instance, in the matter of Joseph Wakim v Bluestar Global Logistics [2016] FWC 6992, Mr Wakim was dismissed by his employer after pleading guilty to paedophilia. Mr Wakim appeared before the FWC via telephone from his prison cell arguing that he had been unfairly dismissed. Unsurprisingly, the dismissal was ultimately deemed fair. What may be somewhat surprising, is that Mr Wakim’s dismissal was fair, not because he had plead guilty to a child sex offence, but that the media coverage surrounding Mr Wakim’s criminal proceedings ensured Mr Wakim could not continue his duties without causing significant damage to the employer’s business and reputation.
For an employer to dismiss an employee because of their criminal charge or conviction due to conduct outside work hours, there must be a relationship of the requisite degree between the employment and the criminal conduct. It has been consistently held in the FWC that employees can be terminated for their criminal conduct where:
Employers are also still required to provide procedural fairness to the employee if they are terminating because of a criminal charge or conviction. This means they have a right to respond to any allegations against them, the right to have a support person, etc. For instance, in the matter of James Deeth v Milly Hill Pty Ltd [2015] FWC 6422, Mr Deeth had been charged with accessory to murder after the fact and was released on bail. A director of the employer expressed concern regarding the reputational damage to the business and dismissed Mr Deeth immediately. The employer argued that the dismissal was valid because if Mr Deeth continued to work there, other employees would resign and customers would boycott the business. The FWC held that these were valid concerns, but that the dismissal was unfair because Mr Deeth had been denied procedural fairness because he was not given an opportunity to respond and was not notified directly about his dismissal.
This is part one our two-part series into criminal records during recruitment and employment.
Jacob Reddie is a solicitor at PCC Lawyers.
Whilst many employers might feel justified in using a criminal record as a reason not to hire someone or in terminating an employee, the law does not always necessarily agree.
Criminal records of prospective, or current, employees can be a challenge for employers to deal with. However, with careful consideration of the issues at hand, it is possible for employers to manage situations involving employees and job applicants with criminal records.
During the recruiting process
Employers, naturally, wish to protect their business by ensuring that their employees are appropriately experienced, qualified and are of good character. Therefore, criminal record checks have become increasingly common during the recruitment process. For instance, the number of criminal record checks in Victoria have increased by 6,000% since 1993.
However, employers may be in breach of anti-discrimination legislation if they refuse to hire someone because of their criminal record unless the criminal record is relevant to a person’s ability to perform the inherent requirements of the job. This will depend on the nature of the job, what sort of criminal offence was committed and will be determined on a case by case basis.
At the federal level, people who feel they have been discriminated against because of their criminal record can apply to the Australian Human Rights Commission (AHRC).
Under sections 30-32 of the Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986 (Cth), the AHRC has the power to investigate any claims of discrimination due to a person’s criminal record and can make recommendations. However, the AHRC is unable to enforce any of the recommendations that it makes to the employer regarding discrimination.
At the state level, Tasmania and the Northern Territory are the only states that have legislation making it unlawful to discriminate on the grounds of “irrelevant” criminal records. In other states and territories, discriminating against a prospective employee is not specifically prohibited by law.
This means that, effectively, there may not be any consequences for most employers in Australia who discriminate on the basis of a criminal record during the recruitment process because they are either not covered by state-based anti-discrimination legislation or because the AHRC recommendations are not enforceable.
In any case, realistically, there is no legal mechanism to review an employer’s discretion to employ a particular person nor is there a requirement upon the employer to make a reasonable decision based only on relevant considerations.
In other words, the employer has the choice to employ whoever they want. Even if the criminal record was the reason why an employee was considered inappropriate for the role, employers will often state that someone else was more qualified, more experienced, etc.
During employment
Employers faced with an employee charged or convicted with a criminal offence must tread more cautiously than during the recruitment process. Many employers would assume they can dismiss an employee who has plead guilty to a serious criminal offence or been convicted. However, criminal conviction alone is not a valid reason for dismissal, particularly when the criminal offence was committed outside of work, and unwary employers may find themselves before the Fair Work Commission facing an unfair dismissal application.
For instance, in the matter of Joseph Wakim v Bluestar Global Logistics [2016] FWC 6992, Mr Wakim was dismissed by his employer after pleading guilty to paedophilia. Mr Wakim appeared before the FWC via telephone from his prison cell arguing that he had been unfairly dismissed. Unsurprisingly, the dismissal was ultimately deemed fair. What may be somewhat surprising, is that Mr Wakim’s dismissal was fair, not because he had plead guilty to a child sex offence, but that the media coverage surrounding Mr Wakim’s criminal proceedings ensured Mr Wakim could not continue his duties without causing significant damage to the employer’s business and reputation.
For an employer to dismiss an employee because of their criminal charge or conviction due to conduct outside work hours, there must be a relationship of the requisite degree between the employment and the criminal conduct. It has been consistently held in the FWC that employees can be terminated for their criminal conduct where:
- The conduct is likely to cause serious damage to the relationship between the employee and employer; or
- The conduct damages the employer’s interests or reputation; or
- The conduct is incompatible with the employee performing their duties.
Employers are also still required to provide procedural fairness to the employee if they are terminating because of a criminal charge or conviction. This means they have a right to respond to any allegations against them, the right to have a support person, etc. For instance, in the matter of James Deeth v Milly Hill Pty Ltd [2015] FWC 6422, Mr Deeth had been charged with accessory to murder after the fact and was released on bail. A director of the employer expressed concern regarding the reputational damage to the business and dismissed Mr Deeth immediately. The employer argued that the dismissal was valid because if Mr Deeth continued to work there, other employees would resign and customers would boycott the business. The FWC held that these were valid concerns, but that the dismissal was unfair because Mr Deeth had been denied procedural fairness because he was not given an opportunity to respond and was not notified directly about his dismissal.
This is part one our two-part series into criminal records during recruitment and employment.
Jacob Reddie is a solicitor at PCC Lawyers.