False representation of an employment relationship may be liable to civil penalties
Under section 357(1) of the Fair Work Act (FW Act), an employer must not make representations that an employment relationship is an independent contracting arrangement. This is often called ‘sham contracting.’ Engaging in sham contracting gives rise to civil penalties.
A defence to sham contracting is provided under section 357(2) if the employer proves (the burden of proof rests with the employer) that at the time of making the representation, the employer:
The Fair Work Legislation Amendment (Closing Loopholes) Bill 2023, if passed, will repeal the current defence and introduce a new one.
The proposed new defence will apply if the employer proves (the burden of proof remains with the employer) that at the time of making the representation, they “reasonably believed” that there was an independent contractor arrangement.
The Bill changes the defence from a subjective defence, based on an employer’s knowledge and recklessness, to an objective defence, based on an assessment of reasonableness.
The proposed legislative changes give the courts wide discretion to determine whether an employer’s belief was reasonable.
The size and nature of the employer’s enterprise is the only mandatory consideration (which aligns with the FW Act’s objectives to acknowledge the special circumstances of small- and medium-sized businesses). Otherwise, a court may consider “any other relevant matters,” examples of which include the following:
The new test will only apply to representations made on or after the commencement of the Bill.
The Labour Government says that the current defence is not effective at deterring sham contracting, as it was far too easy for an employer to establish (the subjective defence) that they did not know the true nature of the engagement and did not act recklessly when making representations.
The new (objective) defence will require employers who have misrepresented employment as an independent contractor relationship to prove they “reasonably believed” that the employee was an independent contractor, not merely that they did not know and were not reckless as to an employee’s correct status.
If the changes are passed, then:
Christa Lenard is a partner focusing on employment and discrimination matters, Jia Pan Xiao is a senior associate focusing on employment and industrial relations, and Georgie Chard is a lawyer, all with Kingston Reid in Sydney.